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Spatiotemporal Assessment of Land Use/Land Cover Dynamics and Land Surface Temperature Variations in Al Bukayriyah, Saudi Arabia (2013–2026)

This research evaluates Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) changes and Land Surface Temperature (LST) variations in Al Bukayriyah, Saudi Arabia, over a 13-year period (2013 to 2026) using Landsat 8 satellite data. The results show that while built-up areas expanded by approximately 74 percent, active agriculture provided significant microclimatic cooling through evapotranspiration. In contrast, harvested and fallow agricultural fields acted as the primary driver of thermal escalation, forming statistically significant spatial hotspots.